Sexual Attraction
History relates the similarity in the cultural heritage of Pakistan and India. The Materia medica of the Greco-Arab (Unani system) that is utilized in the subcontinent contains an inventory of
Botanical Name
English/ Common Name
Nuts/Seeds
Indications/Uses/Activities
Abutilon indicum L. Amomum sabulatum Roxb.
Anemone nemorosa L.
Anethum graveolens L.or Anethum sowa Roxb. Apium graveolens L.
Areca catechu L. Artemisia parviflora Roxb.
Avena fatua L. Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Bergenia stracheyi H &T. Engl. Brassica compestris L. Brassica juncea L.
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub Cannabis sativa L.
Indian mallow Seeds Black Fruit/nuts cardamom
Vulgaris Seeds
Dill
Karafs Betelnut
Neem, Indian lilac
Bergenia
Mustard plant
Brown mustard,
Indian mustard
Bastard teak
Cannabis
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Heart pea Carthamus oxycantha Bieb. Carthamus
Carthamus tinctorious L.
Carum carvi L. Carum copticum L.
Bastards saffron, safflower
Caraway
Omum
Carum petroselinum (BENTH.) Parsley
Cassia fistula L. Chenodium album L.
Golden shower
Seeds Seeds
Nuts/fruit Seeds
Seed Seeds
Seeds Seeds Seeds
Seeds Seeds
Seeds Seeds
Seeds
Seeds Seeds
Seeds Seeds
Goose foot, Seeds lambs quarter, peg weed
Mucilaginous, and laxative (Hayat et al., 2008) Aromatic, and tonic to digestive system (Qureshi etal., 2009)
Chronic headache, excretion of nasal secretion, brain tonic, and analgesic (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) Gastric disorders, facial palsy, and paralysis (Hayat et al., 2008)
Expectorant, antifebrile, lumbago, ascitis, dropsy, kidney, and bladder stones (Usmanghani etal., 1997; Rizvi et al., 2007)
Antidiarrheal, bleeding gums, and ophthalmia (Qureshi et al., 2009)
Abdominal pain, stomach ache, high blood pressure, diabetes, and anthelmentic (Ahmad et al., 2006; Hussain et al., 2007).
Nerve tonic, stimulant, and laxative (Islam etal., 2006) Blood purifier, anti-lice, vermicide, hemorrhoids, skin diseases such as scabies, wounds, leprosy, earache, and liver disorders (Sabeen & Ahmad, 2009) Pimples, eczema, toothache, and bleeding gums (Ahmad et al., 2006)
Aphrodisiac, and skin infections (Hussain et al., 2007; Hayat et al., 2008)
Anodyne, rubefacient, stimulant, arthritis, footache, lumbago, rheumatism, skin eruptions, and ulcers (Sabeen & Ahmad, 2009)
Rubefacient (Rizvi et al., 2007), anthelmintic (Anonymous, 1987)
Blood purifier, scabies, sedative, appetizer, anodyne, earache, malaria, anthrax, sore throat, and hemorrhoids (Ahmad et al., 2006; Sabeen & Ahmad, 2009)
Aphrodisiac (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) Dressing of ulcers, and itching (Shinwari & Khan., 2000; Hayat etal., 2008)
Chicken pox (Ahmad etal., 2006), Respiratory tract ailments, aphrodisiac, and spermatopoetic (Rizvi etal., 2007; Hussain et al., 2007) Nausea, and stomach ache (Ahmad et al., 2006) Antifebrile, stomachic, gastrointestinal disorders, molluscicidal, menstruation problems, expectorant, antibacterial, and antidote to opium (Ali etal., 2003; Sabeen & Ahmad, 2009) Gastritis, antifebrile, constipation, and diabetes mellitus (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) Asthma, cough, wounds, jaundice, bronchitis, menstrual problems, for the removal of umbilical cord, and to ease labor (Rizvi et al., 2007; Hayat et al., 2008) Antifebrile, jaundice, and hepatitis (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003), Gastrointestinal disorders, anthelmintic, and purgative (Shinwari & Khan, 2000; Qureshi etal., 2009)
Botanical Name |
English/ Common Name |
Nuts/Seeds |
Indications/Uses/Activities |
Cichorium intybus L. |
Common |
Seeds |
Liver complaints like jaundice, typhoid, constipation, |
chicory |
and nausea (Anonymous, 1987; Ahmad et al., 2006) | ||
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) |
Water melon |
Seeds |
Stomachic, immunomodulator, jaundice, urinary |
blockage, and kidney stones (Hayat et al., 2008: 20) | |||
Cocos nucifera L. |
Coconut |
Fruit/kernel |
Anthelmintic (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) |
Cordia obliqua Willd. |
Geiger tree |
Seeds |
Cough, and stomach ulcers (Hayat etal., 2008) |
Coriander |
Seeds |
Antiperoxidative (Rizvi et al., 2007) | |
Cotoneaster nummularia |
Seeds |
Blood purifier (Hussain et al., 2007) | |
Fisch & Mey. | |||
Cucumis melo L. |
Melons |
Seeds |
Liver disorders, skin infections, flexion, diuretic, and to |
treat kidney and bladder stones (Hayat et al., 2008) | |||
Cucumis melo var. |
Cucumber, |
Seeds |
Urethritis, spleen diseases, and jaundice (Hayat et al., |
utilissimus Roxb. |
gourd, melon |
2008) | |
Cucumis sativus L. |
Cucumber |
Seeds |
Diuretic (Marwat et al., 2009) |
Cucurbita maxima |
Turban |
Seeds |
Cough (Hussain et al., 2007) |
Duch. ex Lam. |
squash, | ||
Turk's cap | |||
Cuminum cyminum L. |
Cumin/carum |
Seeds |
Expectorants, squamous cell carcinoma, digestive |
disorders, carminative (Shinwari & Khan, 2000; | |||
Kabirudin & Khan, 2003), ear ache, cough, toothache, | |||
chest infection, pneumonia, antidiabetic, allergy, acne, | |||
dysmenorrheal, and anticancer (Sabeen & Ahmad, | |||
2009) | |||
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. |
Air creeper |
Seeds |
Hepatitis, gastritis, constipation, antifebrile, |
carminative, and anthelmintic (Shinwari & Khan, 2000) | |||
Cydonia oblonga Mill. |
Quince |
Seeds |
Antifebrile, respiratory ailments, cardiac problems, |
dysentry, and diarrhea (Marwat et al., 2009) | |||
Dacus carota L. |
Carrot |
Seeds |
Regulates menstruation, and high doses are |
abortificant (Sabeen & Ahmad, 2009) | |||
Datura inoxia Mill. |
Thorn apple |
Seeds |
Aches, antifebrile, asthma, narcotic, anodyne, and |
antiseptic (Shinwari & Khan, 2000; Sabeen & Ahmad, | |||
2009) | |||
Dolichos sinensis L. |
Chinese doli |
Seeds |
Cough, menstrual cycle, and aphrodisiac (Kabirudin & |
kas |
Khan, 2003) | ||
Eruca sativa Mill. |
Rocket |
Seeds |
Dandruff (Hayat et al., 2008) |
Erysimum cheiri L. |
Wall flower |
Seeds |
Spermatopoietic, glactagouge, and respiratory |
ailments (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) | |||
Euphorbia helioscopia L. |
Sun spurge |
Seeds |
Cholera (Sabeen & Ahmad, 2009) |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill |
Fennel fruit |
Seeds |
Expectorant, stomachic, amenorrhoea, lactogogue, |
weak eyesight, toothache, and pneumonia (Ahmad | |||
et al., 2006; Hayat et al., 2008; Sabeen & Ahmad, | |||
2009) | |||
Gossypium herbaceum L. |
Cotton |
Seeds |
Aphrodisiac, spermatopoetic, lactagogue, |
expectorant, and liniment (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) | |||
Helianthus annuus L. |
Sunflower |
Seeds |
Seed decoction used to treat cough and fever (Hayat |
et al., 2008) | |||
Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. |
Kurchi bark |
Seeds |
Chronic diarrhea (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) |
Hordeum vulgare L. |
Barley |
Seeds |
Headache, indigestion, liver complaints, antifebrile, |
antitussive, antidiarrheal, and jaundice (Hayat et al., | |||
2008) | |||
Hygrophila auriculata |
Schumach |
Seeds |
Jaundice, hepatic obstruction, rheumatism, |
(Schum.) Heine |
inflammation, urinary infections, sexual vigor, gout, | ||
and asthma (Ali et al., 2003) |
Botanical Name
English/ Common Name
Nuts/Seeds
Indications/Uses/Activities
Hyoscyamus niger L. |
Henbean |
Seeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ipomia nil L. |
Kaladana |
Seeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ipomoea pentaphylla L. |
Greater yam, |
Seeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Juglans regia L. |
Walnut |
Nuts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Juniperus excelsa M.B. |
Greek juniper |
Fruit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lactuca scariola L. |
Salad lettuce |
Seeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lallemantia royleana Benth |
Lallemantia |
Seeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lathyrus aphaca L. |
Yellow- |
Seeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
flowered pea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Linum usitatissimum L. |
Common flax/ Seeds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
linseed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Malva neglecta L. |
Common |
Seeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
mallow | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Malva parviflora L. |
Cheesewood/ Seeds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Egyptian | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
mallow | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mangifera indica L. |
Mango |
Seeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Melilotus indicus Linn. |
Sweet clover |
Seeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mirabilis jalapa L. |
Four 'o'clock |
Seeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
flower or | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
marvel of | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Peru | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nepeta cataria L. |
Catmint |
Seeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nigella sativa L. |
Black seeds/ |
Seeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
black | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
cumin |
Oxalis corniculata L. Papaver somniferum L. Basil Creeping lady's sorrel, creeping oxalis, Creeping wood sorrel Opium Seeds Seeds Seeds Expectorant, analgesic, for burnps, toothache, cough, hemoptysis (Usmanghani etal., 1997), antispasmodic, anticolic, for irritable bladder, and antitumor (Rizvi et al., 2007) Vermicide, blood purifier, warts, eczema, and other skin diseases (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) Jaundice, intestinal pain, & worms (Qureshi etal., 2009) Brain tonic, aphrodisiac, cold, and cough (Islam etal., 2006) Anthelmintic (Hussain et al., 2007) Aphrodisiac, diuretic, tonic, stimulant, placental retention, anthelmintic, galactogogue, cough, scabies, headache, spermatorrhoea, sedative, and jaundice (Kabirudin &Khan, 2003) Aphrodisiac, antiarrhythmic, mental diseases, insanity, griping, gingivitis, gleets, bronchitis, thirst, diuretic, and in urinary troubles (Rizvi et al., 2007) Narcotic, and resolvent (Shinwari & Khan, 2000) Wound healing, burns, gonorrhea, dermatitis, enema, and lumbago (Ahmad et al., 2006; Hussain et al., 2007) Nephritis, cough, bronchitis, ulceration of bladder, skin diseases, and in hemorrhoids (Shinwari & Khan, 2000) Purgative, anthelmintic, cough, influenza, and fever (Hayat et al., 2008; Qureshi et al., 2009) Chronic dysentery and diarrhea (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) Infantile diarrhea and bowel complaints (Shinwari & Khan, 2000) Astringent, leukorrhea, gonorrhea, and menstrual problems (Hayat et al., 2008) Injuries, and backache (Ahmad et al., 2006) Expectorant, diuretic, carminative, cleansing, deobstruent in renal stones, amenorrhoea, respiratory ailments, ulcerative scabies, vitiligo, antiphlegmatic attenuant, anthelmintic, antidyspeptic, local anesthetic, hypotensive, antibacterial, anticancer, aids, and antiparasitic (Rizvi et al., 2007) Bronchitis, rheumatism, pyrexia, urogenital diseases such as gonorrhea and syphilis, otitis, cardiotonic, stomachic, and analgesic (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) Skin diseases, dysentery, and sensitive teeth (Qureshi et al., 2009) Headache, fatigue, lumbago, toothache, eye ache, brain weakness, cold, analgesic, hypnotic, sedative, Botanical Name English/ Common Name Nuts/Seeds Indications/Uses/Activities
Prunus persica L. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. Psoralea corylifolia L. Punica granatum L. Punica granatum Linn. Ricinus communis L. Rosa indica L. Rumex acetosa L. Rumex vesicarius LJSpinacea oleracea Peach Seeds Winged bean Seeds Babchi Seeds Pomegranate Seeds Pomegranate Seeds Caster Seed oil Rose Common sorrel Spinach Seeds Seeds Seeds spasmodic, antiperiodic, antipyretic, and antiabortive (Hayat et al., 2008) Aphrodisiac, expectorant, asthma, gastric problems, mental diseases, paralysis, facial palsy, vaginal complaints, and toothache (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003; Hayat et al., 2008) Asthma, bronchitis, and biliousness (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) Carminative, laxative, tonic to the liver, diuretic, and useful in bronchitis, earache, headache, griping, ophthalmia, and ascites (Ali et al., 2003) Stimulant, antispasmodic, astringent, diuretic, and antibacterial (Sabeen & Ahmad, 2009) Tonic for brain and heart, aphrodisiac, cough, phlegm, and kidneys (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) Gastrointestinal disorders such as constipation, loose motions, and diarrhea (Ahmad et al., 2006) Antidiarrheal, abdominal pain, antibleeding, phthiasis, bronchitis, and toothache (Ahmad et al., 2006; Hussain et al., 2007) Antidysenteric, both laxative and as an antidiarrheal, colic disorders, decreases serum cholesterol level, spermatopoetic, antitussive, and carminative (Usmanghani et al., 1997; Rizvi et al., 2007; Hayat et al., 2008) Liver and stomach disorders (Sabeen & Ahmad, 2009) Demulcent, diuretic, and vermifuge (Islam etal., 2006) Vermifuge, jaundice, typhoid, and skin allergy (Hayat et al., 2008; Sabeen & Ahmad, 2009) Stomachic, and health tonic (Hussain et al., 2007) Brain tonic, aphrodisiac, spermatopoietic, cardiotonic, immunostimulant, expectorant, skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema, hemorrhoids, otosclerosis, and purgative (Ahmad etal., 2006) Skin infections (Ahmad et al., 2006; Hussain et al., 2007) Expectorant, asthma, and cough (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) Antiparasitic, blood purifier, scabies, constipation, hemorrhoids, diuretic and diaphoretic, and skin problems such as leukoderma, leprosy, and psoriasis (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) Vermicide, headache, cold, influenza, menstruation problems, and jaundice (Sabeen & Ahmad, 2009) Jaundice (Sabeen & Ahmad, 2009) Paralysis, facial palsy, expectorants, dermatitis, eczema, purgative, anthelmintic, and mastitis (Usmanghani etal., 1997; Hayat etal., 2008) Heart disease (Hayat et al., 2008) Gastrointestinal problems, and as an antidote for scorpions' sting (Kabirudin & Khan, 2003) Tuberculosis, analgesic, and inflammation of urinary tract (Sabeen & Ahmad, 2009)
about 30,000 plants (Kabirudin & Mahmood, 1937). Pakistan is blessed with a wide diversity of plants that can be grown in one or other seasons of the year, and have been cultivated since ancient civilizations. History reveals that Arabs brought a revolution in food items, leading to the inclusion of nuts and raisins in different dishes native to India. Valuable work on the pharmacology and phytochemistry of commonly used medicinal plants has been carried out in Pakistan (Ikram & Hussain, 1978; Usmanghani et al., 1997). Most of the nuts and seeds used in health and disease in Pakistan are cultivated in the country, although some are partially imported from different regions — for example, almonds from Iran. Some plants grow wild, such as Tribulus terrestris L. (Bhakhda), and grasses along the banks of canals, rivers and in deserts. A number of plants are obtained as byproducts of different crops — for example, Hordeum vulgare L. (Jo) and Cichorium intybus L. (Kasni) from wheat crops. Nuts are seeds that are covered with a hard shell, and both nuts and seeds are a vital source of nutrients for human beings. Some fruit and vegetable seeds (melon, water melon, pumpkin, etc.) are stored by local people and used for the maintenance of health. Coconut, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed, corn, or sesame seed oils are used to treat skin problems, and are most often used as carrier oils. |
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